黑死病是14世紀席捲歐洲的一場毀滅性瘟疫,主要由鼠疫桿菌引起,經由跳蚤傳播,估計造成25-30萬人死亡。維京人,來自斯堪地那維亞的北歐海員,在維京時代(約公元793-1066年)在挪威建立了王國,在哈拉爾一世統一之前,影響了其文化、探索和早期治理。光榮革命指的是1688-89年間發生的事件,導致詹姆斯二世被廢黜,其女兒瑪麗二世及其丈夫奧蘭治親王、荷蘭聯合省執政威廉三世繼位。威廉·古斯特洛夫號於1945年二戰期間被蘇聯潛艇擊沉,造成9,000多人喪生,其中大部分是平民和難民,使其成為歷史上單艘船隻沉沒死亡人數最多的一次。奧托·馮·俾斯麥,德意志帝國的第一任首相,因其專制風格和「鐵血」政策而贏得「鐵血宰相」的綽號,這些政策在19世紀通過戰爭和外交統一了德國。愛爾蘭大饑荒,又稱馬鈴薯饑荒,發生在1845年至1852年間,由馬鈴薯枯萎病引起,並因英國政策而惡化,導致超過一百萬人死亡和大規模移民。蘇格拉底因其探究方法——蘇格拉底法——被視為西方哲學之父,該方法強調提問和對話以激發古雅典的批判性思維。拜占庭帝國,羅馬帝國的東部延續,在君士坦丁大帝統治下將基督教定為官方宗教,導致東正教的發展。羅馬從建城起就一直是羅馬帝國的首都,直到西羅馬帝國於公元476年崩潰,它象徵著權力、法律和文化的中心。諾曼底公爵征服者威廉入侵英格蘭,並於1066年在黑斯廷斯戰役中擊敗哈羅德國王,建立了諾曼統治並影響了英語和封建制度。法國農家女孩聖女貞德在百年戰爭期間帶領法國軍隊戰勝英國,後來被封為聖人;她因在解除奧爾良圍城中的作用而聞名,被稱為「奧爾良的少女」。百年戰爭(1337-1453)源於查理四世去世後,英國對法國王位的聲索,導致了漫長的繼承權和領土衝突。義大利通才列奧納多·達·芬奇在大約1503-1506年間創作了蒙娜麗莎,這幅畫以其神秘的微笑而聞名,體現了文藝復興時期的人文主義和藝術技巧。瑞士在1648年的《威斯特伐利亞和約》中正式被承認脫離神聖羅馬帝國獨立,該和約結束了三十年戰爭,並將瑞士邦聯確立為一個主權實體。《大憲章》於1215年在國王約翰的壓力下由男爵們簽署,確立了有限君主制和法治等原則,影響了現代憲法。葡萄牙航海家瓦斯科·達伽馬於1498年繞過好望角抵達印度,開闢了直接貿易路線,並推動了葡萄牙的地理大發現時代。十字軍東征(1095-1291)是歐洲基督徒為從穆斯林手中奪回耶路撒冷和聖地而發起的軍事行動,其動機是宗教和教皇的號召。伊莉莎白一世於1558年至1603年統治英格蘭,她監督了藝術、探索和擊敗西班牙無敵艦隊的黃金時代,鞏固了新教。馬丁·路德於1517年將他的95條論綱釘在教堂門上,批評天主教會的贖罪券等做法,引發了整個歐洲的新教改革。法國大革命始於1789年巴士底獄被攻佔,導致君主制被推翻、共和主義興起和激進的社會變革。約翰尼斯·古騰堡的活字印刷機徹底改變了資訊傳播,使文藝復興思想、書籍和宗教改革得以傳播。蘇萊曼大帝將鄂圖曼帝國擴張到頂峰,在他1520年至1566年的統治期間征服了東南歐、西亞和北非的大部分地區。滑鐵盧戰役標誌著拿破崙·波拿巴被威靈頓公爵和格布哈德·馮·布呂歇爾率領的聯軍徹底擊敗,結束了拿破崙戰爭。義大利民族主義者朱塞佩·加里波第在義大利復興運動中發揮了關鍵作用,他領導志願軍於1861年在維克多·埃馬努埃萊二世國王統治下統一了義大利。約瑟夫·史達林從1924年到1953年領導蘇聯,引導蘇聯度過第二次世界大戰,包括東線戰役以及與盟軍結盟對抗納粹德國。第一次世界大戰於1918年11月11日停戰後結束,隨後中央同盟國戰敗,導致簽訂凡爾賽條約並重新劃定歐洲邊界。柏林圍牆於1961年由東德建造,象徵著共產主義東方和資本主義西方之間的冷戰分界,於1989年在民主革命中倒塌。溫斯頓·邱吉爾於1940年至1945年擔任首相,在倫敦大轟炸和盟軍戰勝軸心國期間,以其演講和領導力激勵了英國。在1999年歐元引入(2002年實體歐元)之前,歐洲國家使用自己的貨幣,如法國法郎、德國馬克、義大利里拉和西班牙比塞塔。威斯特伐利亞和約結束了三十年戰爭,承認國家主權和宗教寬容,塑造了現代歐洲國際關係。路德維希·范·貝多芬於1824年創作的第九交響曲中包含「歡樂頌」,於1972年被採納為歐盟盟歌,象徵著團結與自由。葡萄牙於1500年在佩德羅·阿爾瓦雷斯·卡布拉爾的領導下宣稱擁有巴西,建立了殖民地,通過甘蔗種植園發展壯大,並於1822年獲得獨立。拉丁語是羅馬帝國的官方語言,影響了法律、文學以及現代羅曼語系,如義大利語、法語和西班牙語。查理一世國王在英格蘭內戰後於1649年受審並被處決,導致奧利弗·克倫威爾領導下的共和國以及對君主權力的辯論。歐盟是於1993年通過《馬斯垂克條約》創建的,從早期的經濟共同體演變而來,旨在促進整合、和平和單一市場。克麗奧佩脫拉七世,埃及末代法老,與凱撒大帝和馬克安東尼結盟,影響羅馬政治,直到西元前31年被屋大維擊敗。啟蒙運動,或稱理性時代,推動了伏爾泰、洛克和盧梭等思想家的自由、進步和科學探究思想,影響了革命。軸心國於1940年通過《三國同盟條約》成立,在第二次世界大戰中對抗同盟國,並在歐洲和亞洲推行擴張政策。古代奧運會始於西元前776年,每四年在希臘奧林匹亞舉行,以紀念宙斯,並舉辦城邦之間的體育比賽。瑪格麗特·柴契爾於1979年至1990年擔任英國首相,因其保守政策、經濟改革和福克蘭戰爭的領導而被稱為「鐵娘子」。You scored 0 out of 40You scored 1 out of 40You scored 2 out of 40You scored 3 out of 40You scored 4 out of 40You scored 5 out of 40You scored 6 out of 40You scored 7 out of 40You scored 8 out of 40You scored 9 out of 40You scored 10 out of 40You scored 11 out of 40You scored 12 out of 40You scored 13 out of 40You scored 14 out of 40You scored 15 out of 40You scored 16 out of 40You scored 17 out of 40You scored 18 out of 40You scored 19 out of 40You scored 20 out of 40You scored 21 out of 40You scored 22 out of 40You scored 23 out of 40You scored 24 out of 40You scored 25 out of 40You scored 26 out of 40You scored 27 out of 40You scored 28 out of 40You scored 29 out of 40You scored 30 out of 40You scored 31 out of 40You scored 32 out of 40You scored 33 out of 40You scored 34 out of 40You scored 35 out of 40You scored 36 out of 40You scored 37 out of 40You scored 38 out of 40You scored 39 out of 40You scored 40 out of 40
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歐洲歷史跨越數千年,從古希臘羅馬等古代文明到歐盟的現代時期。它包括羅馬帝國的衰落、引發藝術和科學革命的文藝復興,以及連接各大洲的地理大發現時代等關鍵事件。中世紀帶來了封建制度、十字軍東征和黑死病,而啟蒙運動則挑戰了君主專制,並啟發了法國工業革命等革命。19世紀民族主義興起,導致義大利和德國的統一。20世紀的標誌是兩次毀滅性的世界大戰、大屠殺、東西方之間的冷戰分裂,以及1989年柏林圍牆倒塌後的最終統一。今天,歐洲正在應對融合、移民和全球挑戰。本測驗旨在測試您對歐洲歷史中關鍵人物、事件和時間表的知識,幫助您了解過去的事件如何塑造現在。共有40道選擇題,專為各級學習者設計,以探索這豐富的歷史畫卷。
歷史大師
歐洲歷史跨越數千年,從古希臘羅馬等古代文明到歐盟的現代時期。它包括羅馬帝國的衰落、引發藝術和科學革命的文藝復興,以及連接各大洲的地理大發現時代等關鍵事件。中世紀帶來了封建制度、十字軍東征和黑死病,而啟蒙運動則挑戰了君主專制,並啟發了法國工業革命等革命。19世紀民族主義興起,導致義大利和德國的統一。20世紀的標誌是兩次毀滅性的世界大戰、大屠殺、東西方之間的冷戰分裂,以及1989年柏林圍牆倒塌後的最終統一。今天,歐洲正在應對融合、移民和全球挑戰。本測驗旨在測試您對歐洲歷史中關鍵人物、事件和時間表的知識,幫助您了解過去的事件如何塑造現在。共有40道選擇題,專為各級學習者設計,以探索這豐富的歷史畫卷。








