聖海倫火山在有記錄的歷史中,噴發次數超過任何其他喀斯喀特山脈的火山,其1980年的爆炸是美國記錄中最致命和最具破壞性的。它頻繁的活動使其成為美國地質調查局(USGS)重點監測的目標。莫納羅亞山是一座典型的盾狀火山,由數千次低黏度玄武岩熔岩流形成,這些熔岩流廣泛蔓延,形成了其平緩的圓頂狀。它海拔超過13,000英尺,但從海底算起則延伸超過30,000英尺。位於阿拉斯加的迪納利山,海拔20,310英尺,是北美最高的山脈。其從山底到山頂超過18,000英尺的巨大垂直高度是地球上最大的之一。黃石公園下方5-15英里處的巨大岩漿室加熱地下水,產生驅動老忠實泉等間歇泉的壓力。這個岩漿室為世界上最大的活火山系統之一提供動力。二氧化硫在平流層中形成氣溶膠,反射陽光,暫時冷卻地球表面。1980年聖海倫火山噴發向大氣中注入了數百萬噸。格倫維爾造山運動將古老的阿瓦隆尼亞微大陸與北美洲融合,在現代落磯山脈升起之前,形成了阿巴拉契亞山脈的核心。夏威夷火山國家公園的冒納羅亞火山和基拉韋亞火山在歷史噴發的各個時期都曾在其火山口中擁有持續的熔岩湖。火山爆發指數(VEI)根據噴出物體積和羽流高度將噴發分為0到8級;黃石公園最後一次超級噴發的評級為8。由於阿拉斯加寒冷的氣候和沿海山區的高降水,它擁有超過10萬條冰川,包括巨大的白令冰川。安山岩熔岩黏稠並困住氣體,積聚壓力,導致喀斯喀特山脈等層狀火山的爆炸性噴發。雷尼爾山國家公園以其頂峰冰川(如埃蒙斯冰川和碳冰川)而聞名,這些冰川滋養著河流,並在火山爆發時構成泥石流的風險。在白堊紀時期,西部內陸海道覆蓋了該地區;其沉積物後來被壓縮和抬升,形成了落磯山脈的沉積層。拉斯峰1914-1917年的噴發是聖海倫斯山爆發前喀斯喀特山脈最近的一次活動,形成了一個新的火山口並摧毀了周邊地區。惠特尼山在內華達山脈中高達14,505英尺,是美國本土的最高點,也是一個受歡迎的徒步旅行目的地。雷尼爾山是全球16座「十年火山」之一,因其高風險而受到研究;融化的冰川可能引發泥石流,淹沒西雅圖地區的山谷。太平洋板塊下方的固定地幔熱點隨著板塊向西北漂移而形成火山,從而形成了夏威夷群島,從最古老(西北)到最年輕(東南)。埃爾伯特山高達14,440英尺,是科羅拉多州58座海拔超過14,000英尺的山峰中最高的一座,也是登山愛好者必攀的清單之一。浮石是當泡沫狀熔岩迅速冷卻時形成的,它會困住氣體氣泡,使其多孔且輕盈到可以在水上漂浮——通常在爆炸性噴發後發現。火山口湖是在7,700年前馬扎馬山大規模噴發後在破火山口中形成的,位於俄勒岡州的喀斯喀特山脈,深達1,943英尺。來自地球深處的地幔柱為黃石的岩漿房提供熱量,驅動其地熱活動和過去的超級噴發。阿拉斯加的南部海岸是這個環的一部分,其中有三座火山在今年特別活躍。阿留申群島的大錫特金火山實際上自2021年5月以來一直在噴發。火山口湖的極端深度(近2,000英尺)和純淨度使得陽光得以散射,吸收紅色波長並反射深藍色。庫勒布拉峰是洛磯山脈最南端的四千米高峰。從聖路易斯以南看庫勒布拉峰。科斯蒂亞縣,科羅拉多州。美國。火山碎屑流能以每小時超過100英里的速度衝下火山,溫度高達1,800°F,如1980年聖海倫斯火山噴發所示。聖安德烈亞斯轉換斷層與長谷和薩爾頓巴特斯地區的火山系統相互作用,促進區域岩漿運動。埃爾馬爾派斯國家紀念碑內的班德拉火山口熔岩管形成於10,000年前,綿延數英里,展示了火山洞穴系統。科羅拉多州擁有58座四千米高峰,比任何其他州都多,主要集中在薩瓦奇、聖格雷德克里斯托和聖胡安山脈。莫哈韋沙漠中的小型碳酸鹽火山是美國已知唯一的火山,噴發的熔岩富含鈣和鎂碳酸鹽。阿拉斯加的諾瓦魯普塔火山在1912年噴發,噴出3.6立方英里的岩漿,形成了萬煙谷。傾斜計測量由岩漿運動引起的微小坡度變化,有助於預測基拉韋亞和聖海倫斯山等地的噴發。太浩湖橫跨加利福尼亞和內華達州,是北美體積最大的高山湖,坐落在內華達山脈中。休眠火山如雷尼爾山近期沒有噴發,但顯示出不安和未來活動的潛力。亞當斯山高12,276英尺,是華盛頓州僅次於雷尼爾山的第二高峰,並擁有廣闊的冰川。當火山的岩漿房排空且山頂塌陷時,會形成破火山口,隨後被雨水填滿,形成像火山口湖這樣的湖泊。它形成於1973年1月23日在赫馬島東側突然爆發的火山。這個名字在冰島語中意為火之山。優勝美地標誌性的花崗岩地層,包括半圓頂,是在一億年前岩漿侵入形成,並經侵蝕暴露出來的。1992年斯普爾山的噴發將硫氣溶膠注入平流層,造成可測量的全球降溫效應。爆炸性噴發期間超熱氣體的快速膨脹產生衝擊波,發出類似雷聲的巨響。這個山脈構成了大陸分水嶺的一部分,包含15座海拔超過14,000英尺的山峰,包括落基山脈最高峰埃爾伯特山,海拔14,440英尺。美國地質調查局的火山災害計畫運營著觀測站和地震儀,即時監測黃石公園和基拉韋亞等火山。You scored 0 out of 40You scored 1 out of 40You scored 2 out of 40You scored 3 out of 40You scored 4 out of 40You scored 5 out of 40You scored 6 out of 40You scored 7 out of 40You scored 8 out of 40You scored 9 out of 40You scored 10 out of 40You scored 11 out of 40You scored 12 out of 40You scored 13 out of 40You scored 14 out of 40You scored 15 out of 40You scored 16 out of 40You scored 17 out of 40You scored 18 out of 40You scored 19 out of 40You scored 20 out of 40You scored 21 out of 40You scored 22 out of 40You scored 23 out of 40You scored 24 out of 40You scored 25 out of 40You scored 26 out of 40You scored 27 out of 40You scored 28 out of 40You scored 29 out of 40You scored 30 out of 40You scored 31 out of 40You scored 32 out of 40You scored 33 out of 40You scored 34 out of 40You scored 35 out of 40You scored 36 out of 40You scored 37 out of 40You scored 38 out of 40You scored 39 out of 40You scored 40 out of 40
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在你的腳下,構造板塊像慢動作的巨人一樣研磨,以每年1毫米的速度將落磯山脈推向天空,而俯衝則餵養著喀斯喀特山脈的火焰鏈。美國擁有全球10%的活火山以及亞洲以外最高的山峰——然而大多數都處於休眠狀態,隱藏著災難性的力量。你知道黃石公園的火山臼可以容納東京,或者從海底測量,莫納克亞山脈比珠穆朗瑪峰還要高嗎?這個測驗揭示了科學:盾狀火山如何滲出玄武岩海洋,為什麼層狀火山以安山岩的狂怒爆發,以及哪座美國山峰的冰川厚到足以應對氣候變化。從板塊邊界到噴發化學,測試你對地球最活躍課堂的掌握!








